đ¸ī¸đ¸ī¸āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ â 017đ¸ī¸đ¸ī¸
đđ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž đđ
_______________________________________
đĄ Articles :
đĄ A, An āĻāĻŦāĻ The āĻā§ Article āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
đĄ Article āĻĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
1. Indefinite Article and
2. Definite Article.
đĄ Indefinite Article :-
đ¸ī¸ A āĻāĻŦāĻ an āĻā§ Indefinite Article āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ° singular countable noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ A āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž An āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
Example-
He has a pen.
I bought a book.
This is an elephant.
He took an apple.
đĄ Definite Article :
The āĻā§ definite Article āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ āĻāĻšāĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤
Example –
I saw the bird.
I read the book.
Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.
đĄ Use of A and An :-
1. āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ consonant āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ A āĻāĻŦāĻ Vowel (a, e, i, o, u) āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ An āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â
a hen,
a book,
a pen,
an apple,
an egg,
an orange.
2. āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ h āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ h āĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ h āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ h āĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ o āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ –
a horse,
a historian,
an honest man,
an hour.
3. āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ Vowel āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ u āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻšā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â
a ewe,
a European,
a uniform,
a university,
a useful metal.
4. O āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ (O āĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¨ âāĻā§āĻžâ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ – āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻ ) āĨ¤ āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° one āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â
an open field,
an open heart surgery,
an opera,
an orange,
a one taka note,
a one eyed man.
5. āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ abbreviation āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ
āĻā§āĻˇāĻ° vowel āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ abbreviation āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ
āĻā§āĻˇāĻ° consonant āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨-
an M.B.B.S,
an F.C.P.S,
an M.A,
a B.A,
a B.SC.
đĄ Other uses of A and An :
1. āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ singular common noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨-
A tiger is a dangerous animal;
An ant is an industrious insect.
2. āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨-
He bought an orange,
He lives in a tiny room.
3. āĻ¸āĻŽāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ (the same, the certain) āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ singular common noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â
Birds of a feather flock together.
Criminals are of a (the same) character.
There lived a farmer.
4. Preposition āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ a āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ a āĻā§ disguised preposition āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ –
He went a (on) fishing,
She went a (on) shopping.
5. Few, little, good many, lot of, great many, good deal, āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ plural noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ many āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
Example
I have a few friends here.
The library has a lot of books.
The rich man has a good deal with money
Many a man was present in the meeting.
6. āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ- dozen, hundred, thousand, million, couple, score, āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
7. Exclamation āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§ what, how, why, āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ a āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
What a beautiful lady!
How nice a bird!
8. Singular common noun â quite, many, rather, but, more āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
He is rather a gentleman.
You are but a child.
9. Mr. / Mrs. / Miss āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
A Mr. Ashik called in his house.
A Mrs. Habiba sought his help.
đĩ āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ –
Articles (Use and Omission):
Omission of a / an :
1. āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° (meals) āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° (meals) āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ adjective āĻŦāĻ¸āĻ˛ā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§.
Incorrect- We have a dinner at 8.00 pm.
Correct- We have dinner at 8.00 pm.
Incorrect- We had good breakfast yesterday.
Correct- We had a good breakfast yesterday.
2. Plural noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
Birds are beautiful.
Cows are useful.
3. Uncountable noun āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â advice, information, news, baggage, water, milk, oil, tea, paper, āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
He gave me some information.
We take tea.
He drinks water.
āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ measure words āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ a / an āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â Give me a glass of water.
đĩ Use of definite article :
1. āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ common noun āĻāĻ° singular āĻ plural āĻāĻā§ number āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
– The boy is reading.
– The girl is singing.
2. āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ singular common noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
– The cow gives us milk.
– The rose is beautiful flower.
3. āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ man and women āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
Incorrect â The man is mortal.
Correct – Man is mortal.
4. āĻ¨āĻĻā§, āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ°, āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ°, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖā§, āĻĻā§āĻĒāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ, āĻāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â The Andamans, The Himalayas, The Titanic.
5. āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨ āĻ āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â The holy Quran, The Daily sun.
6. āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ â āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§, āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°, āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯, āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦ, āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽ, āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°, āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
The sun, The earth, The moon.
7. āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
– The U.S.A, the panjab.
8. āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ – The 10th March.
9. āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžā§ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â The rich, The poor, The Muslims.
10. Superlative degree āĻ¤ā§ adjective āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â He is the best boy in the class.
11. Material noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â The Diamond of Africa is famous.
12. Proper noun āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ adjective āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â The great Akbar was a mighty ruler.
13. āĻŦāĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ plural āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â The khans, The Pathans.
14. āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻļāĻ word āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ unit āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â Eggs are sold by the dozens.
15. Musical instrument āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â I canât play the Guitar. The cowboy can play the flute well.
16. āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ The āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â Markoni invented the radio. The bicycles is an easy means of transport.
17. Singular designation āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â The president, The Prime Minister, The headmaster.
đĩ (āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ) Omission of definite article :
1. āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â The Gitanjoli of Robindranath.
2. āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻž, āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻžāĻ°, āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â He is going to park.
3. āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â Bangla is our mother lsnguge.
English is an international language.
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ language āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â The English language is international.
4. āĻšā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â Lake Superior, Lake Baikal, Lake Caspian.
5. āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â Friday is holyday.
6. āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â Fever has broken out in the home.
7. Allah or God āĻāĻ° āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â Allah has created us.
8. āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻā§āĻ-āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻ- āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â Raise your right hand.
Put off your shirt.
9. āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĨā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ â by bus, by train, by launch.
Articles & Preposition ( Indefinite Article Definite Article )
āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ ? āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ ?
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻ¨ : āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ ? āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻā§ āĻā§ ? āĻ¯ā§ - āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋ...
āĻāĻāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ ? āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤
āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ ? āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĻāĻŋ...
āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ ? āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ āĨ¤
āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ ? āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ§āĻžāĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨
āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§ ( āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻ¨ā§ ) āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ , āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ , āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻļāĻ˛
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž
āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻ§ || āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ¯ || āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž
āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŖā§ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ¯
āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸āĻš āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°āĻŖ
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻ¨ ( Contextualization ) āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ ?
āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ , āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽ , āĻĒāĻžāĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ , āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§ āĻ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ
āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋ
āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž