“đ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋ ( Characteristics of Formal Operation Period ) :
đˇ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻāϤāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧâ
( 1 ) āĻāĻ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻŦāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āϞā§āĻĒāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĨ¤ āĻā§āύāĻžā§ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϏā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻā§āύ āĻĒāĻĨāĻāĻŋ āĻāϤā§āϤāύ āϏ⧠āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāύā§āϤ āύāĻŋāϤā§
āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĨ¤ āĻ āϏāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰ⧠āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻŋāϤā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§ āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĨ¤ Flavel ( 1963 ) -āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧠āĻāĻ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻž āĻ
āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻāϞā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ , āĻāύā§āĻĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻž āĨ¤ āϏāĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ āϏā§āϤāϰā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāώā§āĻā§āϝ āĨ¤
( 2 ) āĻāĻ āϏā§āϤāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻŦāϝāĻŧāĻāϏāύā§āϧāĻŋāĻā§āώāĻŖā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻā§āϰāĻž āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āϏāĻāϞ āĻā§āϏ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāϏāĻāĻā§āϰāĻš āĻāϰ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧāĻžā§āĻāύāĻŽāϤāĻžā§ āϤāĻĨā§āϝā§āϰ āϏāĻŽāύā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻāϰ⧠āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻāϰ⧠āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύā§āĻā§āϤāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻā§āϰāϏāϰ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĨ¤
đˇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϤ , āϏāĻāĻā§āĻšā§āϤ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŽā§āϰā§āϤ āϏāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻ āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ ( āĻļā§āϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāĻāϰāĻŖ , āĻā§āϰāĻŽāĻāϰāĻŖ āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ ) āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ⧠āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻā§ āϏāĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĨ¤
đˇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§āϝāĻŧāϤ , āĻŽā§āϰā§āϤ āϏāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāϤāĻžāϰ āϏā§āϤāϰ⧠āĻ āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āĻļāϞā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝ⧠āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤ āĻāϰ⧠āĨ¤
đˇ āϤā§āϤā§āϝāĻŧāϤ , āϝāϤ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϞāĻŋāĻā§ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻāϤā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻāϰ⧠, āϝāĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āϰāĻāϞā§āĻĒ āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĨ¤
āĻĒāĻŋāĻā§āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻā§ â Hypothetico “”âdeductive thinking â āĻŦāϞā§āĻā§āύ āĨ¤
đˇ āĻāϤā§āϰā§āĻĨāϤ , āĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āώāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āύāĻā§āϞāĻŋ
āϝāĻĨāĻžāϰā§āĻĨ āĨ¤”